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12Hoy y mañanaSection 4 of 8

12.4

Grammar

The pretérito perfecto: he estudiado

Look and think

Find , , . Which verb comes first? What is the ending of the second verb?

The pretérito perfecto = present of haber + participle. Form the participle: -ar → -ado (), -er / -ir → -ido (, ).

In Spain it is used for actions in a period of time that is not finished: , , , : It is also used for life experiences with , , , .

The two parts always stay together: — nothing goes between and . Learn the irregular participles: , , , , , , .

pretérito perfecto
haberparticiple
yoheestudiado
túhascomido
él / ella / ustedhavivido
nosotros / nosotrashemoshecho
vosotros / vosotrashabéisvisto
ellos / ellas / ustedeshanescrito

Examples

  • Esta mañana me he levantado a las seis.
    This morning I got up at six.

  • ¿Has estado alguna vez en México?
    Have you ever been to Mexico?

  • Todavía no hemos hecho la cena.
    We haven't made dinner yet.

Ir a + infinitive: plans

Look and think

What do these sentences talk about?

Ir a + infinitive talks about plans and intentions, like English going to: Conjugate (Unit 5) and keep + infinitive.

Time expressions for the future: , , , , , .

ir a + infinitive
yovoy a viajar
túvas a trabajar
él / ella / ustedva a estudiar
nosotros / nosotrasvamos a cenar
vosotros / vosotrasvais a ir
ellos / ellas / ustedesvan a volver

Examples

  • Mañana voy a ir al médico.
    Tomorrow I'm going to go to the doctor.

  • ¿Vas a venir a la fiesta?
    Are you going to come to the party?

  • En verano vamos a viajar por Andalucía.
    In the summer we're going to travel around Andalusia.

Inviting, accepting and declining

Look and think

How does Daniel invite his friends? How does Marta say yes, and Claire say no?

Invite with , or :

Accept with , , and suggest a time: Decline politely with + a reason: / , and maybe .

inviteacceptdecline
¿Quieres venir a mi fiesta?¡Claro! ¿A qué hora?Lo siento, no puedo. Tengo que trabajar.
¿Te apetece tomar algo?¡Vale! ¿Dónde quedamos?Hoy no puedo. ¿Otro día?

Examples

  • ¿Quedamos el sábado para comer?
    Shall we meet on Saturday for lunch?

  • Lo siento, el sábado voy a visitar a mis abuelos.
    Sorry, on Saturday I'm going to visit my grandparents.

  • Invito a mis compañeros a una cena.
    I'm inviting my classmates to a dinner.